Preparing for an employment tribunal as a litigant in person

By CaseFile

Bringing a claim to an employment tribunal without a lawyer is more common than people think. Tribunals are designed to be more accessible than the civil courts, but the paperwork can still feel overwhelming — especially the hearing bundle. Here's what to expect and how to prepare.

What an employment tribunal is

An employment tribunal hears disputes between employees (or workers) and employers — for example unfair dismissal, discrimination, unpaid wages, or breach of contract. Hearings are less formal than a courtroom: there are no wigs or gowns, and the panel is used to dealing with people who represent themselves.

Before you can bring most claims you must first notify ACAS and go through early conciliation — keep your early conciliation certificate, as you'll need the reference number.

The hearing bundle

A tribunal hearing runs from a single agreed bundle of documents that the judge (and any panel members), the witnesses, and both sides all work from. By convention the respondent — usually the employer — often prepares the bundle, but if you're a litigant in person and the other side isn't cooperating, or you're the one who needs everything in order, you may end up assembling it yourself.

A typical employment tribunal bundle includes:

  • The claim and response — your ET1 claim form and the employer's ET3 response
  • The contract and key terms — your employment contract, offer letter, staff handbook extracts
  • Pay and records — payslips, P60s, records of hours
  • The events in dispute — the dismissal or grievance letters, disciplinary notes, warnings
  • Correspondence — relevant emails and letters between you and your employer
  • Witness statements — yours and the other side's
  • A chronology — a dated list of the key events, which tribunals find very helpful

Getting it right

Tribunals expect bundles to be usable, even though they don't follow family-court Practice Direction 27A. In practice that means:

  • Consecutive pagination — every page numbered, so everyone can be told to "turn to page 42"
  • An index — a contents page listing each document and its page number
  • Chronological order within sections, so the story is easy to follow
  • One agreed bundle — both sides should ideally work from the same paginated version, not competing sets of papers
  • Filed and exchanged on time — tribunals set directions for when the bundle must be ready; missing the deadline causes problems

Where to get help

You don't have to do this alone. ACAS offers free, impartial advice on employment rights and tribunal procedure. Citizens Advice can help you understand your claim, and the Personal Support Unit / Support Through Court can support you on the day. None of these is a substitute for legal advice if your case is complex.

How CaseFile helps

CaseFile takes your documents and produces a clean, paginated, indexed hearing bundle with a chronology — formatted so the tribunal can follow your case easily. You upload what you have, tell us the key dates and issues, and we assemble it. We prepare the documents; we don't advise on the merits of your claim, so for legal questions speak to ACAS, Citizens Advice, or a solicitor.